Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) is a leading cause of end-stage joint disease in the young population that can lead to total hip replacement in early life. There are various risk factors, including trauma, corticosteroids, thrombosis, hypertension, and alcohol. There is a growing number of patients with AVNFH and history of self-medication with herbal supplement used for Weight gain in Iran. The present study aimed to demonstrate the prevalence rate of using unapproved Weight gain supplements (UWGS) in patients with AVNFH. An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of using UWGSs in patients with osteonecrosis at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from January 2012 to 2018. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) through descriptive statistics and tests of means. Out of 207 patients with AVNFH, 115 cases were male. In total, 44 patients (20. 95%) had a history of using UWGSs, and there had no other risk factors of osteonecrosis of FH. In conclusion, UWGSs can be a risk factor for AVNFH, and it is necessary to develop educational programs to alert young population about the side effects of these supplements.

Background: The timing of maternal Weight change in pregnancy may be an important determinant of birth Weight. The objective of this study was to measure Weight gain patterns from early pregnancy until delivery, and to examine the relationship between prenatal Weight gain and low birth Weight.Methods: A total of 500 pregnant women within 15-20 days of conception, with confirmed pregnancies and belonging to the middle and high socioeconomic families from Mysore city, India participated in the study. They were followed up for the period of one-week after delivery, and their Weight was monitored monthly throughout pregnancy. Results: Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and obesity in 16.2% of pregnant women were less than 18.5% and 11.4% respectively. Mean total pregnancy Weight gain for all women was 8.1±2.9 kg, whereas 85.2% did not meet the international recommendations regarding Weight gain for their BMI. The rate of Weight gain was highest during the second trimester (3.6±1.4 kg) and the total Weight gain was associated with progressively decreasing birth Weight. A significant association was found between mid-upper arm circumference and maternal Weight at term, and birth Weight. Conclusion: According to Institute of Medical Guidelines, low Weight gains of the mother during pregnancy and mid upper arm circumference below 19 cm are associated with increasing risk of low birth Weight.    

The birth Weight is one of the indicators of mother's health during pregnancy and it is the preliminary guarantee for health and growth of neonatal period. In various studies the factors which have influence on birth Weight are Weight gain during pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) of prepregnancy, mother's age and neonatal sex. Attending to importance of birth Weight, noticing to some controllable effective factors are valuable, like mother's Weight gain during pregnancy. Because investigations about effective factors on birth Weight in Iranian mothers were not available, this cohreet study has been done on 206 healthy pregnant which started prenatal care during first trimester. In accordance with statistical analysis and making use of multiple regression test, there was a significant relation between birth Weight and prepregnancy BMI (Pv=0. 00) Weight of the previous neonate (Pv=0.02) and mother's Weight gain during pregnancy (Pv =0.03). Meanwhile the birth Weight was reduced by passive cigarette smoking and female gender of neonate. It seems appropriate suggestions in preconceptional care and performance of suitable measurements in prenatal care that could guarantee suitable birth Weight.      

Background: The lamb-rearing system in pasture can provide a better growth rate when the diet is supplemented with concentrates. supplementary feeding can compensate for the limitations of natural feed by replacing part of the pasture fodder with concentrates, especially during low rainfall seasons. However, the availability and high costs of concentrate diets have led to their limited use by many small farmers. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of different levels of concentrate supplementation on Weight gain, growth performance, blood parameters, and grazing behavior of weaned Ghezel lambs under grazing conditions. Methods: This experiment was conducted using 32 male Ghezel lambs (average Weight = 29±2.7 kg) in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments were: 1) a control treatment consisting of free access to pasture grazing, 2) free access to pasture grazing with 150 g of concentrate supplement per day per head, 3) free access to pasture grazing with 250 g of concentrate supplement per day per head, and 4) free access to pasture grazing with 350 g of concentrate supplement per day per head. To determine daily Weight gain, the lambs were weighed at the beginning and end of the period in the morning before grazing. The grazing behavior of the lambs was recorded by direct observation every 10 minutes during pasture access. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken at noon from the jugular vein and evaluated for glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Fecal samples were collected using special fabric bags tied to the animals' tails. Results: The results of the present study showed that concentrate supplementation improved daily Weight gain; however, no significant difference was observed between the different levels of concentrate feeding. Among growth traits, body length and body height were significantly affected by the experimental treatments. The amount of time lambs spent grazing in the pasture was not affected by the different levels of concentrate supplementation. supplemental feeding with concentrates increased the digestibility of organic matter. Changes in blood glucose levels of lambs during the experimental period were significant between the control group and the groups receiving the concentrate supplements. Net profit per lamb also increased due to the provision of concentrate supplements. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that feeding Ghezel lambs with concentrate supplements in pasture conditions resulted in a significant increase in growth performance and proved to be economical due to the increased net profit. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to provide at least 150 to 350 grams of concentrate supplement daily when rearing Ghezel lambs in pasture grazing conditions.

Background: Exposure to toxic metals remains a public health problem with lifelong impacts on childhood growth and development. We aimed to investigate metals effects on preschool children’ s anthropometric variables. Methods: The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from Jul 2013 to Mar 2016. We measured scalp hair metal concentrations (lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, manganese, and cobalt), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, in 207 preschool children’ s (36 to 72 months old). Results: A significant negative correlation between children's hair lead levels and children's Weight was found (r= − 0. 178, P<0. 05). Linear regression analysis confirmed the relationship when adjusted for the confounders, including children's age, sex, height, family income, and maternal education (β = − 0. 191; t= − 3. 426, P< 0. 01). The ANOVA analysis showed a significant (P<0. 01) difference between hair lead level and children's Weightfor-age percentiles. Totally and separately, in almost all Weight percentiles, hair lead levels were higher in girls than boys. Conclusion: The present study on Iranian children showed the current levels of lead exposure might negatively influence on children growth, with higher risk for girls than boys.

Introduction: Weight gain during pregnancy is variable and depends on mother’s diet status before pregnancy. Based on medical resources, there is an inverse relationship between mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and prenatal Weight gain. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate mothers’ BMI before pregnancy and prenatal Weight gain. Materials and Methods: In a cross – sectional study, we analyzed retrospectively prenatal and obstetrical reports of 480 women attended health centers of rural areas in Rasht, who delivered during year 2002. The selection of them was done by cluster and random selection in ten health centers. Maternal characteristics including age, job, education, pre pregnancy Weight, height, body mass index, pregnancy Weight gain, parity, and main outcome including birth Weight were recorded. Student t-test, Chi-square, One-way Anova and correlation were used to analyze data. Results: On the basis of body mass index (BMI), 7.9% 0f women were thin, 45.4% of them had normal BMI and 46.7% were overWeight. The mean of BMI was 26.2 ± 5.2. The mean of pregnancy Weight gain was 9.2± 4.1 kg (min=0.5, max=21kg). An inverse relationship between BMI and pregnancy Weight gain was showed (r=-0.26, p =0.01). Although the mean of pregnancy Weight gain in thin women was higher than obese ones but, about most of them didn’t gain expected Weight during pregnancy. Rate of low birth Weight was about 11% Conclusion: This study shows an inverse relationship between BMI and pregnancy Weight gain. Pregnancy Weight gain is lower than recommendations and also rate of LBW is higher than expected in these rural regions. Use of appropriate nutritional model for pregnant women, could contribute to increased pregnancy Weight gain and improved birth Weight.  

Anthropometric parameters are an important indicator of health and nutritional status comprising the whole span of mans life. However, they are not of the same degree of simplicity and sensitivity in assessing the public health status. During recent decades many studies have attempted to examine the relationships of these measurements in order to present simple alternatives for similar purposes, resulting in a simple health technology which enjoys inexpensiveness, simplicity, reliability and feasibility.Sizes at birth are a significant indicator for predicting neonatal health and future outcome. Low birth Weight, as a well known risk factor associated with increased morbidity and mortality, has been studied extensively.An attempt is made to evaluate the utility of Mid Arm Circumference (MAC) to detect the Low Birth Weight (LBW) during neonatal period. Measurement of MAC is a simple and valid method of screening for low birth Weight babies. Birth Weight is one of the most sensitive and reliable predictors of the health of any community. Detection of low birth Weight immediately at birth is of  paramount to ensure infants survival.Anthropometric indicators are useful tools for screening women at nutritional risk, monitoring nutritional status and predicting unfavorable outcomes related to pregnancy.Strong correlation between Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) with Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) suggesting that MUAC can be used to estimate BMI, and detect nutritional disorders.Due to technical difficulties in measuring birth Weight in developing countries, several studies have shown that different anthropometric measurements at birth can predict birth Weight and can be used as valid indicators of low birth Weight.An article appeared in this issue entitled: “Patterns of Weight gain and birth Weight amongst Indian women” attempts to elaborate a reliable association in family health circle. Low Weight gain during pregnancy and MUAC are associated with the increased risk of low birth Weight. MUAC can be used as an indicator and alternative to birth Weight  categories for risk assessment and may serve as a simple health technology which can be comprehended by mothers of various backgrounds easily using a very cheap non stretchable strip. However, due to environmental variations, local reference values are recommended for evaluating risks realistically.